Nursing is possible owing to a series of intricate systemic relations. Building on an established tradition of sociological research, we critically analysed the nursing profession in Chile, with an emphasis on its education system, in the light of social systems theory. The paper's aim was to explore basic characteristics of nursing education as a system, so as to outline its current evolution. Drawing on recent developments in nursing, we applied an empirical framework to identify and discuss functionally differentiated systems that (...) are relevant to nursing and observe communications between them. We found that the dynamics of nursing as a whole develop from communications with closely related systems, including the nursing profession and the education system more broadly. While the discipline (as a system of representations) strives to control the profession (as an applied occupational field), the necessities of practicing nurses imply other forces mediating the making of the profession, a process framed by market dynamics in education and health. (shrink)

Histories of nursing that disregard their linkage to broader historical movements often lead to historically detached versions of nursing identity that omit the perspective of their sources and the ideas of their time. Drawing on materials retrieved through a multilayered research strategy comprising internal and external sources, this article examines the development of a nursing identity in Chile during the period starting in the 1950s through the early 2000s. We analysed the sociopolitical contexts in which the nursing profession grew, the (...) changing direction of its role and how the nursing identity transformed itself. Through the use of historical sources and oral testimonies, we aim to give a nuanced account of how the history of public health and that of the country more broadly changed the object of identification of nurses, creating only relatively recently a sense of nursing community. Processes of identification, fragmentation and integration are highlighted, which challenge usual notions of history as a linear process. (shrink)

El concepto de acción -- Teoría y lógica de las normas -- Los predicados jurídicos y su base empírica -- La identificación del fenómeno jurídico -- Lagunas y criterios de decisión -- La revolución informático-jurídica -- Secuencias y niveles en el sistema normativo -- Ciencia jurídica e irracionalismo.

Two ways of thinking can be distinguished. The accurate way, based on causality and explanation, recognizes its ignorance on many items, but tries to organize and foster its knowledge on a solid basis. The innacurate way, based on indeterminacy, chance and free will, assumes with resignation there are segments of reality which cannot be known at all and does not try to go further on those items. Moral and legal discourses run the second way. That assumption tends to prevent them (...) from fostering knowledge and leads normative sciences to irrationality and perplexity. (shrink)

En esta investigación se busca analizar, a través de un texto fundamental de la obra Ciencia de la Lógica de Hegel, que versa sobre la línea nodal de relaciones de medida, un modo distinto tanto de hacer filosofía como de comprender la relación que se da entre la naturaleza y el espíritu.

No es posible seguir pensando a Zubiri desde su gran libro "Sobre la esencia" sin tener en cuenta la inmensa obra que levantó al final de su vida: "Inteligencia sentiente". Desde esta última obra, el filósofo español nos muestra la Noología y desde ella podemos ver no solamente las grandes posibilidades que nos ofrece el pensamiento último de Zubiri para resolver grandes problemas que las filosofías del siglo XX intentaron resolver, sino también para tomar distancia total de la Fenomenología de (...) Husserl y de las filosofías que nacieron de ella. Este artículo busca introducirse en esas cuestiones y señalar cómo la Fenomenología fue un espejismo necesario para el siglo pasado y cómo Zubiri desde ella y contra ella fue constituyendo su propia obra de madurez. (shrink)

Lo que se pretende con este artículo es pensar el Ereignis de Heidegger a la luz del problema del Sein en un triple referente; el cual se muestra en tres palabras fundamentales: Wink, Aufriss y Destruktion. Esto nos llevará a estudiar someramente a nuestro autor desde los cursos de los años veinte anteriores a Sein und Zeit hasta el Seminario de Le Thor de 1969. Pero todo este horizonte de pensamiento estará articulado desde los Beiträge zur Philosophie. Vom Ereignis (1936-38).

En este texto analizaremos el decir filosófico zubiriano con el que pretende expresar la realidad de modo pleno y adecuado. En esto nos daremos cuenta de un grave y radical problema: la lengua que le ha sido dada social e históricamente al filósofo, la lengua en la que vive y se mueve intelectivamente y la lengua en la que quiere expresarse filosóficamente no coinciden en nada. La primera, la lengua vivencial, es una lengua románica y, por tanto, hunde sus raíces (...) en el indoeuropeo; en cambio, la segunda, la lengua filosófica, está incardinada desde la estructura lingüística semítica. ¿Por qué Zubiri busca acusar con tanto afán la realidad de un modo semítico y no lo hace en el indoeuropeo que habla y piensa? Aquí radica toda la cuestión fundamental que debemos analizar. A pesar de todas las dificultades que traerá para el desarrollo, claridad y divulgación del pensamiento zubiriano, se prefiere insistir rotundamente en el uso de la estructura semítica para expresar la realidad). Esta postura radical del pensador no es un mero capricho, sino una necesidad que se le impone (por lo menos, así lo piensa él). Y se le impone en y por la realidad misma que aprehende sentientemente. A raíz de esto, pensamos que Zubiri puede ser considerado como un pensador posmoderno". (shrink)

Blanchette and Dunbar have claimed that when participants are allowed to draw on their own source analogs in the service of analogical argumentation, retrieval is less constrained by surface similarity than traditional experiments suggest. In two studies, we adapted this production paradigm to control for the potentially distorting effects of analogy fabrication and uneven availability of close and distant sources in memory. Experiment 1 assessed whether participants were reminded of central episodes from popular movies while generating analogies for superficially similar (...) versus superficially dissimilar target situations. In Experiment 2, we modified this procedure to assess the retrieval of autobiographic memories, more familiar to participants than fictional episodes. Both studies revealed a strong effect of surface similarity on the retrieval of participants' own sources, thus suggesting that the superficial bias typically observed in experimental studies—and simulated by most computational models—does not originate in a lack of ecological validity. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca dar con la influencia de Baruch Spinoza en el pensamiento de Xavier Zubiri en torno al tema de la materia y de allí entender lo que es lo estético. Es sabido que Zubiri desde joven fue un gran lector de Spinoza; incluso lo enseñaba en detalle a su amiga-estudiante María Zambrano. Y lo que pensamos es que Zubiri siempre estuvo influenciado por el pensador holandés y esto se ve reflejado en cómo Zubiri trata su concepto de (...) materia, clave en su obra; y tal concepto nos permite, por ejemplo, entender lo estético en el pensador español. (shrink)

Previous research addressing the association between leisure and happiness has given rise to the hypothesis that informal social activities might contribute more to happiness than solitary activities. In the current study, we tested how the two types of leisure—social and solitary—contribute to a person’s subjective sense of well-being. For the empirical estimate, we used four consecutive quarters of data collected from 533 people over the age of 16, from 13 Tsimane’ hunter-farmer villages in the Bolivian Amazon. Results suggest that only (...) social, not solitary, leisure has a positive and statistically significant association with subjective well-being. The association between solitary leisure and subjective well-being was negligible or negative. Future research should focus on emic definitions of social and solitary time, for solitary time might not always be equivalent to leisure and productive group activities might substitute for social leisure. (shrink)

RESUMENEste artículo es un intento de pensar lo que es el cuerpo a la luz de las filosofías de Gilles Deleuze y de Xavier Zubiri. Ambos pensadores han sido muy radicales en sus posiciones respecto al papel del sentir. A veces es más conocido, para algunos, el pensamiento deleuziano en torno al cuerpo y las sensaciones, pero la reflexión zubiriana es también una filosofía del cuerpo que a veces no ha sido atendida en su profundidad. Además, vemos que ambos pensadores (...) tienen muchos puntos en común; uno de ellos es el denominado «Cuerpo sin órganos». Desde esta categoría deleuziana se indicará la proximidad con la filosofía zubiriana y con ello la importancia que cobra el cuerpo en una filosofía para los tiempos actuales.PALABRAS CLAVEDELEUZE, ZUBIRI, LÓGICA, IMPRESIÓN, SENSACIÓN, CUERPO SIN ÓRGANOS, INTELIGENCIA SENTIENTE.ABSTRACTThis article attempts to think what the body is from the perspective of the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and also from Xavier Zubiri. Both thinkers have been totally radicals in their positions concerning the role of sensations. It may sound more natural, for some, to associate Deleuze’s thought on body and sensations than that of Zubiri; but we have to acknowledge that the latter’s thought is also a philosophy of the body and, therefore, we shall attend it in its whole depth. Moreover, we have to recognize that both thinkers have lots of common points, one of them the so-called «Body without organs». From this deleuzian category will be indicated the proximity between deleuzian and zubirian philosophy; and with that the importance that acquires the body in a philosophy worth of our times.KEY WORDSDELEUZE, ZUBIRI, LOGIC, IMPRESSION, SENSATION, BODY WITHOUT ORGANS, SENTIENT INTELLIGENCE. (shrink)

In this paper I present a formalization of the theory of ideal concepts applied to the concept of God. It is done within a version of the Simplest Quantified Modal Logic (SQML) and attempts to solve three meta-problems related to the concept of God: the unicity of extension problem, the homogeneity/heterogeneity problem and the problem of conceptual unity.

School climate is a multidimensional construct of the quality of a student’s academic environment, often subsuming dimensions such as safety, instructional practices, social relationships, school facilities, and school connectedness. Positive school climate has beneficial effects on a wide range of adjustment variables in youth, including academic achievement, mental health, school attendance and graduation, and school-based behavior. Studies regarding school climate assessment have burgeoned in recent years but remain marked by limited sample sizes, narrow developmental levels, restricted items, unclear psychometric strength (...) across multiple demographic groups, and lack of integration with key student education contextual factors such as academic mindset and social emotional learning. The present study evaluated a comprehensive measure of aspects of school climate, academic mindset, and social emotional learning in a sample of 105,379 diverse students (Mage = 13.47 years; SD = 2.47). The 9-factor structure of the School Climate and Academic Mindset Inventory was supported via confirmatory factor analysis. A trimmed model displayed adequate goodness-of-fit for males and females, younger age groups, and European American, biracial/multiracial, Hispanic, Native American, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students. The trimmed model was slightly less strong for older age groups as well as for African American and Asian American students. The scale may be useful for assessing school climate interventions, longitudinal climate patterns, and school-based algorithms of future performance, though additional validation of the scale remains necessary. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the relevance of adequate decision making at both public health and healthcare levels. A bioethical response to the demand for medical care, supplies and access to critical care is needed. Ethically sound strategies are required for the allocation of increasingly scarce resources, such as rationing critical care beds. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the so-called ‘last bed dilemma’. In this paper, we examine this dilemma, pointing out the main criteria used to solve it and (...) argue that we cannot face these ethical issues as though they are only a dilemma. A more complex ethical view regarding the care of COVID-19 patients that is focused on proportional and ordinary treatments is required. Furthermore, discussions and forward planning are essential because deliberation becomes extremely complex during an emergency and the physicians’ sense of responsibility may be increased if it is faced only as a moral dilemma. (shrink)